Sight Vocabulary for Word Recognition

Learning the sight words for word recognition is critical for reading success. The majority of the words used in written English follow certain rules which govern the relationship between the symbols and the sounds. We call those phonics. Unfortunately, the words we use most frequently are irregular, and they are not spelled the way they sound, words like said, these and thought. These we call sight words, because you need to be able to recognize them immediately. Students who struggle with text really struggle with sight vocabulary. Learning sight vocabulary requires teaching and frequent re-teaching, as well as lots and lots of practice recognizing the words. Dolch High-Frequency Words There are couple lists, the Fry High-Frequency List, made up of 600 words, and the Dolch High-Frequency Words  made up of 220 high-frequency words and 95 nouns frequently found in childrens books. The Fry list is ranked from most frequently used to least frequently used (of the 600 words, not all 240,000 or so according to Boston University. The Dolch words represent about 75% of all the words we encounter in writing. Direct Instruction Programs, like Wilson Reading or SRA, teach some sight vocabulary in each lesson and are sure that students see those words as they are learning to decode the regular words which conform to the phonetic rules of English. Using the Dolch High-Frequency Words The word lists for Dolch High-Frequency Words begin with pre-primer words, the words most frequently used to glue together the nouns and verbs we use to express ourselves. There are five levels and a noun list: Pre-primer, Primer, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade, and Nouns. Children should have all of the Dolch Words mastered before they begin second grade. Assessment: The first step is to simply present the words, beginning with the pre-primer words on flash cards (follow this link) and testing until a student can recognize no more than 80% of the words on each level list. Check off the words the students know on the checklists provided. Practice in Context: Leveled reading programs, such as Reading A-Z or SRA will provide lists of sight vocabulary and lists of new vocabulary either on the cover or on the page (Reading A-Z) where the item is found. Use the checklists to track which words you are using as you complete each list. These checklists can also be used to write and monitor IEP goals. There are enough columns to collect data over several weeks. Drill and Games The flashcards can also be used for practice as well as games or concentration. Dolch Around the World: Present pairs of students each of the flashcards. When a child gets it right, he or she moves on to the next student and they compete to recognize the card first.Dolch Concentration: Have two sets of cards. Have students play with a limited number of cards including some you want them to learn.Dolch Snap: Have students time each other with a stopwatch, to see who can read them the quickest. Dolch High-Frequency IEP Goals When presented with flash cards, John will read 32 of 42 (80%) of Pre-primer High Frequency (Dolch) Words, 3 of 4 consecutive trials.When presented with flash cards, Susan will read 90% (36) of the First Grade Dolch Words, 3 out of 4 consecutive trials.

Hitler s Influence On The Nazi Party - 1568 Words

When Hitler decided to use the Jewish as an escape route to blaming them for problems and ruining Germany’s reputation, it would be common to assume that no one would support him or his Nazi party. Unfortunately, this was not the case. It is very hard for me personally to grasp how it is possible that the German people could simply go along with the persecution of Jews and how they were going about it. However, I think that the bystanding and acceptance might have occurred mainly because of the idea of a â€Å"Master Race.† When Hitler gave his speeches, he made quite sure to stir up all sorts of pride, emotion, and nationalism within the Germans. One of his tactics was to make everyone he was speaking to felt somewhat special. By making them†¦show more content†¦People started to look up to him and feel gratitude at what he has accomplished for them. I don’t know if this is the case, but Germans may have simply turned the other cheek because it was easier that way. Life was getting better for them, so what was the difference if they stood up for them? One of the last reasons that I think the German people may have gone along with the persecution of Jews was because it gave them too an easy escape as to blame them for the happenings and horrible post-war world in Germany. Overall, in my opinion, the main reasons that the Germans may have gone along with the Nazi’s persecution against Jews was to make it easier for them and to avoid conflict, prove to themselves and others they wer e the true Aryan and master race, and lastly, to find someone to blame just as Hitler had done. Section 3: Question 8: In 1938, a young Jewish man named Herschel Grynszpan murdered a German officer living in Paris as revenge for something the Germans had done to his father. This sparked an attack on Jews living in Germany. It became known as Kristallnacht which means â€Å"Night of the Broken Glass.† German troops and the SS raided and stormed homes that had belonged to Jews. It was the turning point and beginning for one of the worst times in history†¦ The Holocaust. When Hitler initially began persecuting Jews, he would take over cities and begin to starve the Jews that were now forced to live in the cities or ghettos.

Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Essay Example For Students

Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Essay Charles Dickens was a very important writer in the Victorian era. He was a very successful and respected author of many well known books, including Oliver Twist. His stories were published in magazines and newspapers of his time and focused mainly on the social issues of the poor. Dickens felt strongly about the welfare of poorer classes because he live in both fortunate and unfortunate conditions, so can easily compare both lives. His situation when his parents were sent to prison for debt were unfortunate; he had to go earn money for the family and lived in poverty during his younger years. This is when he decided to raise awareness, and he felt he was in a right position to too, coming from a well-off family and suddenly falling into a completely different lifestyle. Dickens main concern, which he portrayed in the majority of his stories, was the hate and segregation between rich and poor. The poor, if they did work, worked in claustrophobic workhouses with minimal pay. The rooms they lived in were filthy and infested with vermin. The families got terrible diseases, which they couldnt afford to get treatment for, and would eventually die at an early age.  The conditions of the slums were squalid. They were filthy and dangerous; making it almost impossible to believe people actually lived in them. They were built like this during the Industrial Revolution to house the huge surge of workers moving to London. There were no standards set when building them; they were built back-to-back and there were no sewer systems, resulting in horrific hygiene issues in the area of the cramped slums. The atmosphere the slums create in the extract is threatening and claustrophobic. The high and large houses are insecure and over power a lot of the area, making characters seem very small and unwanted. The towering slums made them feel trapped and very prison-like. The rich didnt show any respect to anyone in the book, and this is how Dickens gets people to feel sorry for the poor. As a reader, it makes you feel extremely sympathetic for them, as you feel they dont deserve it. The atmosphere of the area is also seen as lazy and slow. Everything skulks along and moulders away and Dickens uses the word inhabited to create a feeling that the things acting as humans arent actually alive, or at least not important. The people on the streets create a miserable mood by the way they hold themselves and walk. Bodies half doubled with arms folded establishes that everyone wants to be kept to themselves and clearly dont welcome strangers. The conditions of the houses are poor and disgusting, and the houses themselves are old and decaying. The stagnant and filthy houses are mouldering away. I think the word stagnant is very effective because it creates a certain image that nothing has moved, grown or developed so leaves a smell or state of disgust. It also gives the sense that the hygiene is poor and the people are overwhelmed by the dirt and filth of their own houses. Using the word stagnant makes the description really strong, and creates a powerful image of houses that are stale and left uncared for. The horrible conditions also made people depressed and angry towards other people. People who live in these slums live in immorality; all around them they face inescapable extreme poverty. One house is described as a kennel and other crazy dens. Also the unavoidable dead rats are hideous with famine. All this shows haw badly the people live, if rats are described in such a simple phrase, then the peoples health must be indescribable. Furthermore, the people have been degraded to live like dogs, living in a kennel. Using the words crazy den and kennel really makes you see that the people were treat worse than animals, hiding away, rotting in a decaying habitat. Kennels creates an image of an empty, dark, cold and lonely place to live. The things living in these kennels would be neglected and seen as minorities. .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 , .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .postImageUrl , .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 , .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292:hover , .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292:visited , .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292:active { border:0!important; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292:active , .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292 .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d67509dc4625be3426e9efa03f62292:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maxine Hong Kingston EssayIn Chapter five of the Oliver Twist extract, Dickens uses a common, but sad event to show how horrible the richer people acted. Oliver Twist went to a funeral with Sowerberry and Dickens told the extract as if it were from Olivers mind. He shows how people treat the mourners, with disrespect and talked to them as if they were inferior just because they had a little less money. The people even treat the dead person with disrespect, as ragged boysplayed a noisy game over the coffin. No one was concerned about the mourners and no one stopped the boys or showed any form of respect.  Also in this section of the book, Dickens is trying to make other p eople understand the real struggle people go through everyday just to survive. He expresses the social conditions of the poor with very descriptive language, saying haw unsuitable the living conditions and haw poor hygiene is. The language Dickens uses creates a powerful image of the houses and people in this extract. Living conditions for the poor seemed cold. Maybe not fully to do with temperature, but possibly personality wise too. Dickens repeats the lack of heat in the room, and there is no fire but there is a cold hearth and an empty stove. The use of repetition really emphasises what conditions the poor have to put up with, and again creates sympathy for them.  In the scene of the grief-stricken man whose wife was starved by them, Dickens uses repetition in speech when hes describing death; In the dark, in the dark. This expresses the man is trying whole-heartedly to make others aware of haw his family is struggling to survive. Dickens puts a lot of detailed, descriptive speech into what the man is saying, and only one word sentences into that of Sowerberry and the others. This surreptitiously makes the reader focus more on the poor mans story, and once more creating a sense of sympathy and hate towards the richers. Dickens very much focuses on the cold heartedness of the rich when it comes to a very emotional event; death. This is an extremely powerful way to win the readers feelings for the poor. You can see this is one of the main points Dickens tried so hard to express to the rich; if they had helped or even became equal, lives would have been saved and happiness and harmony would have been portrayed to all levels of wealth. Dickens is trying to make everyone see that the poor are the stronger ones; coping with everyday despair, sorrow, hate and grief. He wanted people to realise that the poor should be the ones who are blessed with love and a better quality of life and standard of living, from their lives of hard work which resulted in small pay and illness, not the richers who just happened to be brought up into a wealthy family and inherited grandparents money to survive, but not done anything to deserve it. In Dickens eyes, the rich were clearly seen as disgusting people, people who did not deserve what they had.

Switzerland Essay Example For Students

Switzerland Essay Switzerland is best described by conveying an understanding of its geography, political, economic, cultural and social environments. The geography of the country has had a significant impact on its way of life. Switzerland is bordered by Germany in the north, Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein in the east, Italy in the south and France in the west. This represents many significant European cultures converging on Switzerland the German speaking region, the French and the Italian. Two thirds of the Swiss population lives in the Plateau, between Lake Geneva and Lake Constance, in 30 percent of the countrys surface area. There are 450 people to every 1 km2 (1,166 per square mile). This makes the country one of the most densely populated regions of Europe and a promising prospect for marketing a product. The country that we know today took its final shape only in 1848. Before that time, we cannot really speak of Swiss history, but rather the history of its various parts, which only gradually came together. Political EnvironmentSwitzerland is a nation shaped by the resolve of its citizens: it is not an ethnic, linguistic or religious entity. Since 1848, it has been a federal state one of 23 in the world and the second oldest after the United States of America. Like the U.S., Switzerland values the idea of federalism and sovereignty, which has ensured its historical survival. The main political parties in Switzerland are the Swiss Peoples Party (SVP), Social-democratic Party (SP), Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Christian Democratic Party (CVP) and the Green Party. The Federal Constitution is the legal foundation of the Confederation. It contains the most important rules for the smooth functioning of the state. It guarantees the basic rights of the people and the participation of the public. It distributes the tasks between the Confederation and the cantons and defines the responsibilities of the authorities. Switzerland has a federal structure with three different political levels:the Federation the cantons the local authorities The Federation is the Swiss designation of the State (the term Confederation is also frequently used). The Federation has authority in all areas in which it is empowered by the Federal Constitution for example, foreign and security policy, customs and monetary policy, legislation that is valid through the country and in other areas that are in the common interest of all Swiss citizens. Tasks which do not expressly fall within the province of the Federation are handled at the next lower level, i.e. by the cantons. The head of state is the federal president; the post is purely ceremonial and rotates annually among the members of the Federal Council. We will write a custom essay on Switzerland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A Federal Council (the executive authority) of seven members elected individually for a four-year term by, but not necessarily from, the two houses of parliament in joint session. After the formation of the coalition between the four major political parties in 1959 (the so-called magic formula), the Federal Council was made up of two members each from the Social-democratic Party, the Radical Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Party, as well as one member of the Swiss Peoples Party. Following the federal election on October 19th 2003, the distribution of seats in the Federal Council changed, with the Swiss Peoples Party increasing its number of seats to two, leaving the Christian Democratic Party with one seat. Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons. There are German-speaking and French-speaking cantons, one Italian-speaking canton and cantons in which both German and French are spoken. In one canton (Graubnden) German, Italian and Rhaeto-Romanic (Rumantsch) are spoken. .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .postImageUrl , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:visited , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:active { border:0!important; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:active , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of speech Analysis EssayEach canton has its own constitution, its government, its parliament, its courts and its laws, though they must, of course, be compatible with those of the Confederation. The cantons enjoy a great deal of administrative autonomy and freedom of decision-making. They have independent control over their education systems and social services, and each has its own police force. Each canton also sets its own level of taxation. Each of the 26 cantons and half-cantons has a parliament elected by universal suffrage, and a government the organization of which varies from canton to canton. In two cantons the principle of universal sovereignty is exercised directly through assemblies of all voters. The cantons are sovereign

Energy Efficient Housing essays

Energy Efficient Housing essays Energy efficient windows have multiple layers of glass. The reason for this is because the more layers of glass you have the better it insulates the house. Three or four layers of glass are one of the best because you have more airspace in between layers. A smaller airspace doesnt insulate the building as well as a thicker airspace would. The thickest an airspace should be is 1 inch because any thicker than that will cause the glass of the window to no longer insulate the building. The air in between the layers of glass should be thick and dense, so that it can save energy. One of the most common airs used in-between glass is argon. When argon is used heat loss is reduced. You could also use carbon dioxide or sulfur hexa-fluoride between glass. Another type of window that is used commonly to keep the home cool is tinted glass. Tinted glass and tinted window films are used on buildings to reduce heat gain through windows. Advancements in tinted glass have now allowed us to make the glass appear just as a regular window that you can see through. The tinted glass solution is also used in many vehicles and private rooms for privacy and to keep them cool in the summer to save on energy costs. When choosing a proper type of window frame, fiber glass is the number one choice. Fiberglass is the strongest material to use for the job and it also involves a smaller amount of maintenance compared to vinyl or wood. Glazes on windows are one of the newest methods for energy efficient windows. Glazing is a way of changed the glass so that the light reflects off the window or absorbs the light and brings it into the building. Photo-chromic is the best product for glazing, as it can be switched so that it both reflects the light and absorbs it. Photo-chromic is a product called a switchable glazing. All switchable glazing products are useful for reducing cooling loads and for minimizing the shine off the sun from coming i...

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

English - Essay Example The major divide that Reid draws is that between the conformist and adventurous outlooks. The curiosity of the cats and the laid-back disposition of the dogs are what serve as the general imagery of the poem through which the poet tries to demonstrate how an adventurous spirit could make a lot of difference while one is alive. The poet executes a cynical tone towards the conventional ideas of people towards the business of living. This serves the purpose of striking the point hard with crude persuasive power. The first couple of lines, â€Å"Curiosity may have killed the cat; more likely/ the cat was just unlucky†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are in fact indicative of the poet’s attempt to question the conventions. Reid explores the many possibilities that would take off from disapproval of a set belief. The moral tales that dissuade young minds from exploring the possibilities of life away from the much-trodden paths would make their lives boring and devoid of any essence, as the poet reveals. Reid compares the lives of the adventurous cats and the incriminating dogs and observes irreverently that the dogs are restricted to â€Å"†¦doggy circles/ where well-smelt baskets, suitable wives, good lunches/ are the order of things, and where prevails/ much wagging of incurious heads and tails†. The cynicis m and sarcasm that define the poem are best revealed here. The imagery of the poem is vivid. It makes use of the metaphorical lives of cats and dogs as the general image, but also explores the small details from everyday life to talk in both descriptive and figurative terms. The most striking image is that of â€Å"the other side of the hill†. Though this can remain an abstract image, the idea of adventure in a cat’s life, thereby our lives too, is best represented through this pictorial reference. The life on the other side of the hill could either be an â€Å"idyll† or â€Å"hell†, but one could find it out for sure only by being there. Whatever be the result of one’s

Haven't decided Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Haven't decided - Essay Example "normal", non-linguistically trained persons think of translation as a text which is some sort of "reproduction" of a text originally produced in another language, with the "reproduction" being of comparable value. Over and above its role as a concept constitutive of translation, "equivalence" is also a fundamental notion for translation criticism. Translations must be conceived as texts, which are doubly bound: on the one hand to its source text and on the other hand to the (potential) recipient's communicative conditions. This double linkage nature is the basis of the so-called "equivalence relation". One of the aims of a theory of translation quality assessment is then to specify and operationalize the equivalence relation by differentiating between a numbers of frameworks of equivalence. For example, extra-linguistic circumstances, connotative and aesthetic values, audience design and last but not least textual and language norms of usage that have emerged from empirical investig ations of parallel texts, contrastive rhetoric and contrastive pragmatic and discourse analyses. The notion of equivalence is the conceptual basis of translation and, to quote Catford, "the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding TL (Target Language) equivalents. A central task of translation theory is therefore that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence" (1965:21). However, the concept of equivalence is also the basis of translation criticism, it is the fundamental criterion of translation quality. Equivalence is a relative concept, and has nothing to do with identity. "Absolute equivalence" would be a contradictio in adiecto. Equivalence is a relative concept in several aspects. It is determined by the socio-historical conditions in which the translation act is embedded, and by the range of often-irreconcilable linguistic and contextual factors, among them at least the following; Source and target languages with their specific structural constraints, the extra-linguistic world, and the way it is "cut up" by the two languages resulting in different representation of reality, the original reflecting particular linguistic and stylistic source language and culture; structural features of the original; target language receptor's expectation norms; the translator's comprehension and interpretation of the original and his "creativity"; the translator's explicit and/or implicit theory of translation; translation traditions in the target culture; interpretation of the original by its a uthor. Given these different types of equivalence in translation, it is clear that - true to the nature of translation as a decision process (Levy 1967) - it is necessary for the translator to make choices, i.e., the translator must set up a hierarchy of demands on equivalence which he wants to follow. It is also clear that the many recent polemical attacks against using the concept of "equivalence" in translation theory, because of its imputed vicinity imputed vicinity to "identity" and formal linguistic equivalence, are quite unfounded. Views of equivalence as simply based on formal, syntactic, and lexical similarities alone have been criticized for a long time- not at least because it has long been recognized that any two linguistic items in two different languages are multiply ambiguous. Further, purely formal definitions of equivalence have long been revealed as